![]() ![]() This review offers critical insights for the membrane and broader materials science communities regarding the on-demand and dynamic control of membrane structures and properties. Smart applications for separations are also reviewed as well as a discussion of remaining challenges and future prospects in this exciting field. This review also focuses on strategies to prepare stimuli-responsive membranes, including blending, casting, polymerization, self-assembly, and electrospinning. Special attention is given to stimuli-responsive control of membrane pore structure (pore size and porosity/connectivity) and surface properties (wettability, surface topology, and surface charge), from the perspective of determining the appropriate membrane properties and microstructures. The most commonly utilized stimuli, including light, pH, temperature, ions, and electric and magnetic fields, are discussed in detail. ![]() This review summarizes and discusses important developments and achievements in stimuli-responsive membranes. Further conferring membranes with stimuli responsiveness can allow them to dynamically tune their pore structure and/or surface properties for efficient separation performance. In human beings, the vermiform appendix (a hollow, worm-shaped organ about the size of a pencil, attached to the beginning of the large intestine) marks descent from mammals that had a much larger sac in this position and used it to digest their high-cellulose diet (as many species, including other primates, still do).įrom the late nineteenth century until the 1960s, biologists thought that the human body contained scores of useless vestigial structures, including the coccyx, ear muscles, pineal gland, thymus, vermiform appendix, wisdom teeth, and.Membranes have been extensively studied and applied in various fields owing to their high energy efficiency and small environmental impact. Duckbill platypuses, which are descended from extinct platypus species that had teeth as adults, grow and re-absorb teeth before birth. For example, boa constrictors, which are descended from four-legged reptiles, grow tiny hind legs. ![]() Vestigial structures are markers of evolutionary descent. ![]() A structure or organ is vestigial if it has diminished in size or usefulness in the course of evolution. ![]()
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